1.2 Time varying emissions post-simulation (50 min)

In a previous example we used a time-varying emission file to create realistic air concentration and deposition output. However, in some cases the emissions may be unknown and therefore it is necessary to run HYSPLIT in a way that the time-varying emissions can be applied as a post-processing step. In this way multiple emission scenarios can be tested and compared to measurements to find the best fit to the data without rerunning the dispersion calculation. In this simulation we will automatically divide the simulation into three hour emission periods, but the particles released during each emission period will be automatically tagged with a unique number (the pollutant index in the concentration array). Therefore, each release time will have its own element within the concentration array and within the same output file.

1. To run this calculation only a minor modification to the CONTROL and SETUP.CFG files is required. When emission cycling is defined then the emission index tag will be incremented every 3 hours when ICHEM is set to 10. This also forces the code to assign the particle’s emission time tag to the pollutant index of the concentration array, thereby permitting the output to be separated by emission time. Customize the namelist file with the additional variables shown below:
   
   

   qcycle = 3 ,		a new emission cycle starts every 3 hours
   ichem = 10,		concentration array layer defined each cycle



2. The CONTROL file is almost identical to a standard simulation except that a unit emission (one per hour) for a duration of three hours should be specified:
   
   

   1		one pollutant
   CPAR		defined as a Cesium Particle
   1.0		emission rate of one units per hour
   3.0		emission duration 3 hours each cycle



3. The program TCMSUM is used to apply a time-varying release rate to the unit-source multi-release time HYSPLIT output file. The TCMSUM program reads the HYSPLIT output file and associates column #3 of the cfactors.txt emission file with the unit source dispersion calculations for the appropriate emission times. The .bin suffix is automatically added to the end of the output file name. The half-life, decay start time, and output pollutant ID are defined on the command line:
   
   

   tcmsum		apply emission rates to unit source calculation
   -itcm.bin		input file: HYSPLIT binary output file
   -ofdnpp		binary output file corrected for emissions
   -t031106		start time (MMDDHH) for radioactive decay
   -h11025.8		half life in days for Cs-137
   -c3		select column #3 from the emissions file
   -s../files/cfactors.txt		select name of the emissions file
   -pC137		pollutant ID label (4 characters max)



4. In the first post-processing step, the model predicted concentration time series at Tokai-mura, about 100 km south of the FDNPP, is compared with the measurements:
   
   

   c2datem		convert model output to DATEM format
   -ifdnpp.bin		HYSPLIT binary output file
   -oTokai.txt		HYSPLIT DATEM output at Tokai
   -m..\files\JAEA_C137.txt		measured data file in DATEM format
   -c1000.0		conversion from Bq to mBq
   -z2		select level #2 from input file

   



5. In the second post-processing step, we create a plot of the total deposition:
   
   

   concplot		concentration plotting program
   -ifdnpp.bin		HYSPLIT binary output file
   -oplot_dept		Postscript output file
   -h37.0:140.0		location of map center
   -g0:500		radius of the map
   -y0.001		convert Bq to kBq
   -ukBq		set units label on map
   -b0 -t0		process input data from bottom and top level 0
   -k2		do not draw contour lines between colors
   -c4		force contour levels
   -v1000+500+200+100+50+20+10		set forced contours
   -r3		plot only the total accumulated deposition

   



6. In the last post-processing step we convert the air concentrations and accumulated deposition at each 3 hour output period to dose using the concentration plotting program. For this conversion we assume that the conversion factors are 3.3x10^-11 and 1.1E^-12 (rem/h per Bq/m3 or per Bq/m2). Only the last time period is shown below:
   
   

   concplot		concentration plotting program
   -ifdnpp.bin		HYSPLIT binary output file
   -oplot_dose		Postscript output file
   -h37.0:140.0		location of map center
   -g0:500		radius of the map
   -x3.340E-05		convert air concentration to µrem/h
   -y1.08E-06		convert deposition to µrem/h
   -k2		do not draw contour lines between colors
   -c4		force contour levels
   -v0.1+0.05+0.02+0.01+0.005+0.002+
   0.001+0.0005+0.0002+0.0001		set forced contours
   -r2		sum deposition each time period

   

   

The approach outlined above is a quick and efficient method to create a transfer coefficient matrix (TCM) associated with different release times. A TCM is defined as the contribution of each source to each receptor location. Sources can vary in space, time, or both. The emission factors are applied after the simulation has completed. The limitation of this approach is that only one pollutant species is permitted during a simulation because the pollutant array index has been replaced by the emission time index. For more complex multi-species simulations, the multiple file approach is required.